Difference between revisions of "List of psychoactive plants"

Latest revision as of 17:56, 14 April 2014

This is a list of plants (flora) which contain psychoactive drugs. Psychoactive plants have been used traditionally for thousands of years by human cultures all around the world and many play a significant role in society. This list covers plants which are potentially psychoactive, while the list of entheogens covers plants which are known to be traditionally used as entheogens or psychoactives.

Psychoactive Flora by Family

Acanthaceae

• Fittonia albivenis, a common ornamental plant from South America. The plant has unknown compounds, that reportedly cause "visions of eyeballs." It is also useful in the treatment of headaches, etc.
• Justicia pectoralis^[1]

Acoraceae

• Acorus calamus, asarone

Aizoaceae

• Delosperma acuminatum- DMT, 5-MEO-DMT^[2]
• Delosperma cooperi - DMT, 5-MEO-DMT^[2]
• Delosperma ecklonis - DMT^[2]
• Delosperma esterhuyseniae - DMT^[2]
• Delosperma hallii - 5-MEO-DMT^[2]
• Delosperma harazianum - DMT, 5-MEO-DMT^[2]
• Delosperma harazianum - Shibam, DMT^[2]
• Delosperma hirtum - DMT^[2]
• Delosperma hallii aff. litorale
• Delosperma lydenbergense - DMT, 5-MEO-DMT^[2]
• Delosperma nubigenum - 5-MEO-DMT^[2]
• Delosperma pageanum - DMT, 5-MEO-DMT^[2]
• Delosperma pergamentaceum - Traces of DMT^[2]
• Delosperma tradescantioides - DMT^[2]

• Delosperma cooperi1.jpg

  Delosperma cooperi

• M. Delosperma lydenbergense flower.JPG

  Delosperma lydenbergense

• Delosperma nubigenum.jpg

  Delosperma nubigenum

Sceletium tortuosum or "Kanna" has been used by South African pastoralists and hunter-gatherers as a mood-altering substance from prehistoric times.

Apocynaceae

• Tabernanthe iboga - Ibogaine in root bark^[3]
• Trachelospermum jasminoides - Ibogaine^[4]
• Catharanthus roseus is (perhaps unpleasantly) "hallucinogenic."^[5]
• Prestonia amazonica: DMT^[6]
• Vinca minor

• Iboga.jpg

  Tabernanthe iboga

• Confederate Jasmine, Star Jasmine (Trachelospermum jasminoides).jpg

  Trachelospermum jasminoides

Aquifoliaceae

• Ilex guayusa, which is used as an additive to some versions of Ayahuasca. According to the Ecuadorian indigenous, it is also slightly hallucinogenic on its own, when drunk in high enough quantities.
• Ilex paraguariensis which is also known as "Yerba Mate"...
• Ilex vomitoria or "Yaupon Holly" is ...

and some other hollies are used as tea substitute stimulants!

Asteraceae(Compositae)

• Artemisia vulgaris - Thujone
• Calea zacatechichi - Produces vivid dreams after smoking. It is also employed by the Chontal people as a medicinal herb against gastrointestinal disorders, and is used as an appetizer, cathartic anti-dysentery remedy, and as a fever-reducing agent.
• Lactuca virosa - Lactucarium
• Tagetes lucida - Anethole, Chavicol, Coumarin, Estragole, Isorhamnetin, Methyleugenol, Quercitin

• ArtemisiaVulgaris.jpg

  Artemisia vulgaris

• Calea zacatechichi cutting.jpg

  Calea zacatechichi

• Koeh-213.jpg

  Lactuca virosa

• Tagetes lucida flower.jpg

  Tagetes lucida

Cactaceae

• Echinopsis-pachanoi-close-up.jpg

  Echinopsis pachanoi

• Lightmatter cactusflower.jpg

  Echinopsis spachiana

• Peyote Cactus.jpg

  Lophophora williamsii

• Opuntia acanthocarpa.jpg

  Opuntia acanthocarpa

• Opuntia basilaris form.jpg

  Opuntia basilaris

• Cylindropuntia echinocarpa 2.jpg

  Cylindropuntia echinocarpa (syn. Opuntia echinocarpa)

• E.macrogona.png

  Echinopsis macrogona

• KK242 Vs Standard Peruvian Torch.jpg

  Echinopsis peruviana

• Echinopsis terscheckii 5.jpg

  Echinopsis terscheckii

Cannabaceae

Cannabis plant

Template:Main Cannabis (Marijuana) is a popular psychedelic plant. Cannabis is also unique in that it contains a psychedelic substance, THC, which contains no nitrogen and is not an indole, phenethylamine, anticholinergic (deliriant), or a disassociative drug. Currently, certain universities and research firms are studying the medicinal effects of cannabis. Many jurisdictions have laws regulating the sale and use of medical cannabis to treat pain, seizures, insomnia, and to stimulate appetite.

Cannabinoid & Cannabis Studies, Documentaries & the like

Cannabis.zip

Humulus lupulus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humulus_lupulus

Humulus japonicus- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_hops

Caryophylloideae

| 150px Silene capensis |Produces vivid dreams after ingesting.

Celastraceae

| 150px Catha edulis | Khat

Convolvulaceae

| 150px Argyreia nervosa (Hawaiian Baby Woodrose) |Seeds contain high amounts of LSA (also known as d-lysergic acid amide, d-lysergamide, ergine, and LA-111), often 50-150X the amounts found in Ipomoea violacea.

Euphorbiaceae

• Alchornea floribunda, Yohimbine

Fabaceae (Leguminosae)

Acacia acuminata	Up to 1.5% alkaloids, mainly consisting of tryptamine in leaf[19]
File:Alpina mueller.jpgAcacia alpina	Active principles in leaf[20]
File:Acacia angustissima usgs.pngAcacia angustissima	ß-methyl-phenethylamine[21], NMT and DMT in leaf (1.1-10.2 ppm)[22]
File:Acacia-aroma.jpgAcacia aroma	Tryptamine alkaloids.[23] Significant amount of tryptamine in the seeds.[24]
File:Starr 031013-8001 Acacia auriculiformis.jpgAcacia auriculiformis	5-MeO-DMT in stem bark[25]
Acacia baileyana	0.02% tryptamine and ß-carbolines, in the leaf, Tetrahydroharman[20][26][27]
<center>Acacia beauverdiana	Psychoactive[28] Ash used in Pituri.[29]
File:Acacia-berlandieri-flowers4.jpgAcacia berlandieri	DMT, amphetamines, mescaline, nicotine[30]
<center>File:Koeh-003.jpgAcacia catechu	DMT[2] and other tryptamines in leaf, bark
<center>File:Acaciacaven29b.jpgAcacia caven	Psychoactive[31]
Acacia chundra	DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark
Acacia colei	DMT[32]
Acacia complanata	0.3% alkaloids in leaf and stem, almost all N-methyl-tetrahydroharman, with traces of tetrahydroharman, some of tryptamine[33][34][35]
File:Starr 050107-2872 Acacia confusa.jpgAcacia confusa	DMT & NMT in leaf, stem & bark 0.04% NMT and 0.02% DMT in stem.[20] Also N,N-dimethyltryptamine N-oxide[36]
File:A-cornigera.jpgAcacia cornigera	Psychoactive,[31] Tryptamines[37]
Acacia cultriformis	Tryptamine, in the leaf, stem[20] and seeds.[24] Phenethylamine in leaf and seeds[24]
Acacia cuthbertsonii	Psychoactive[28]
File:Acacia-decurrens-catalina.jpgAcacia decurrens	Psychoactive,[31] but less than 0.02% alkaloids[27]
Acacia delibrata	Psychoactive[28]
Acacia falcata	Psychoactive,[28] but less than 0.02% alkaloids[27]
File:Acaciafarnesiana1web.jpgAcacia farnesiana	Traces of 5-MeO-DMT[38] in fruit. ß-methyl-phenethylamine, flower.[39] Ether extracts about 2-6% of the dried leaf mass.[40] Alkaloids are present in the bark[41] and leaves.[42] Amphetamines and mescaline also found in tree.[37]
Acacia floribunda	Tryptamine, phenethylamine,[43] in flowers[24] other tryptamines,[44]
Acacia georginae	Psychoactive,[31] plus deadly toxins
File:Acacia-horrida.jpgAcacia horrida</center>	Psychoactive[31]
File:A.Implexa.jpgAcacia implexa</center>	Psychoactive[45]
Acacia jurema	DMT, NMT
250pxAcacia karroo	Psychoactive
Acacia laeta	DMT, in the leaf[20]
File:Acacia-longifolia-branch.jpgAcacia longifolia	0.2% tryptamine in bark, leaves, some in flowers, phenylethylamine in flowers,[43] 0.2% DMT in plant.[46] Histamine alkaloids.[27]
Acacia longifolia var. sophorae	Tryptamine in leaves, bark[24]
Acacia macradenia	Tryptamine[24]
File:Acacia maidenii.jpgAcacia maidenii	0.6% NMT and DMT in about a 2:3 ratio in the stem bark, both present in leaves[20]
File:Starr 031013-8002 Acacia mangium.jpgAcacia mangium	Psychoactive[31]
File:Acacia melanoxylon branch.jpgAcacia melanoxylon	DMT, in the bark and leaf,[47] but less than 0.02% total alkaloids[27]
File:Acacia mellifera 3D-Modell.jpgAcacia mellifera	DMT, in the leaf[20]
File:Acacia-nilotica.jpgAcacia nilotica	DMT, in the leaf[20]
Acacia nilotica subsp. adstringens	Psychoactive, DMT in the leaf
Acacia obtusifolia	Tryptamine, DMT, NMT, other tryptamines,[45] 0.4-0.5% in dried bark, 0.07% in branch tips.[48]
Acacia oerfota	Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf,[26][49] NMT
Acacia penninervis	Psychoactive[28]
File:Acacia phlebophylla.jpgAcacia phlebophylla	0.3% DMT in leaf, NMT[20]
File:Starr 020911-0004 Acacia podalyriifolia.jpgAcacia podalyriaefolia	Tryptamine in the leaf,[20] 0.5% to 2% DMT in fresh bark, phenethylamine, trace amounts[43]
File:Acacia polycantha.pngAcacia polyacantha	DMT in leaf[20] and other tryptamines in leaf, bark
Acacia polyacantha ssp. campylacantha	Less than 0.2% DMT in leaf, NMT; DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark[50]
250pxAcacia rigidula	DMT, NMT, tryptamine, traces of amphetamines, mescaline, nicotine and others[51]
Acacia sassa	Psychoactive[31]
File:Acacia-schaffneri-seed-pods.jpgAcacia schaffneri	ß-methyl-phenethylamine, Phenethylamine[52] Amphetamines and mescaline also found.[37]
File:Koeh-004.jpgAcacia senegal	Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf,[20] NMT, other tryptamines. DMT in plant,[39] DMT in bark.[24]
Acacia seyal	DMT, in the leaf.[20] Ether extracts about 1-7% of the dried leaf mass.[40]
250pxAcacia sieberiana	DMT, in the leaf[20]
Acacia simplex	DMT and NMT, in the leaf, stem and trunk bark, 0.81% DMT in bark, MMT[20][53]
File:Eat267.jpgAcacia tortilis	DMT, NMT, and other tryptamines[45]
File:Acacia vestita.jpgAcacia vestita	Tryptamine, in the leaf and stem,[20] but less than 0.02% total alkaloids[27]
Acacia victoriae	Tryptamines, 5-MeO-alkyltryptamine[24]

• Albizia inundata leaves contain DMT.^[31]

Anadenanthera colubrina	Bufotenin, Beans[54][55] Bufotenin oxide, Beans[54] N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Beans,[54][55] pods[54] N,N-Dimethyltryptamine oxide, Beans[54]
Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil	Bufotenin and Dimethyltryptamine have been isolated from the seeds and seed pods, 5-MeO-DMT from the bark of the stems.[56] The seeds were found to contain 12.4% bufotenine, 0.06% 5-MeO-DMT and 0.06% DMT.[57]
File:Anadenanthera peregrina.jpgAnadenanthera peregrina	1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2,9-dimethyl-beta-carboline, Plant[55] 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2-methyl-beta-carboline, Plant[55] 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, Bark[55] 5-Methoxy-N-methyltryptamine, Bark[55] Bufotenin, Plant,[55] beans[54] Bufotenin N-oxide, Fruit[55], beans[54] N,N-Dimethyltryptamine-oxide, Fruit[55][58]
Anadenanthera peregrina var. peregrina	Bufotenine is in the seeds.[59]
File:Fern1.jpgDesmanthus illinoensis	0% - 0.34% DMT in root bark, highly variable.[60] Also NMT, N-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine, 2-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine, and gramine (toxic).[61]
File:Desmanthus leptolobus drawing.jpegDesmanthus leptolobus	0.14% DMT in root bark, more reliable than D. illinoensis[60]
Desmodium caudatum[62](syn. Ohwia caudata )	Roots: 0.087% DMT,[63] Bufotenine-N-oxide 0.03%
File:Desmodium gangeticum.jpgDesmodium gangeticum	DMT, 5-MEO-DMT, whole plant, roots, stems, leaves[64]
Desmodium intortum	Bufotentine, DMT[65]
File:Codariocalyx motorius Taub39.pngCodariocalyx motorius(syn. Desmodium gyrans)	DMT, 5-MEO-DMT, leaves, roots[64]
Desmodium racemosum	5-MEO-DMT[64]
File:Starr 020803-0111 Desmodium triflorum.jpgDesmodium triflorum	0.0004% DMT-N-oxide, roots,[63] less in stems[63] and trace in leaves.[63]
File:Lespedeza capitata habit.jpgLespedeza capitata
File:Lespedeza ja02.jpgLespedeza bicolor	DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in leaves and roots[66]
Lespedeza bicolor var. japonica	DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in leaves and root bark[64]
Mimosa ophthalmocentra	Dried root: DMT 1.6%, NMT 0.0012% and hordenine 0.0065%[67]
File:Mimosa-scabrella.jpgMimosa scabrella	Tryptamine, NMT, DMT and N-methyltetrahydrocarboline in bark[68]
Mimosa somnians	Trytamines and MMT
Mimosa tenuiflora(syn. "Mimosa hostilis")	0.31-0.57% DMT (dry root bark).[69]
File:Mimosa verrucosa01.jpgMimosa verrucosa	DMT[70] in root bark
File:Mucuna-pruriens-fruit.jpgMucuna pruriens	"The leaves, seeds, stems and roots contain L-Dopa, Serotonin, 5-HTP, and Nicotine, as well as N,N-DMT, Bufotenine, and 5-MeO-DMT."[71]
Petalostylis casseoides	0.4-0.5% tryptamine, DMT, etc. in leaves and stems[66]
Petalostylis labicheoides var. casseoides	DMT in leaves and stems[64]
Phyllodium pulchellum(syn. Desmodium pulchellum)	0.2% 5-MeO-DMT, small quantities of DMT[66] DMT (dominates in seedlings and young plants), 5-MEO-DMT (dominates in mature plant), whole plant, roots, stems, leaves, flowers[64]

Erythrina flabelliformis, other Erythrina species, seeds contain the alkaloids Erysodin and Erysovin^[72]

| 100px Zornia latifolia | Zornia latifolia, is mentioned in Food of the Gods as "an hallucinogenic substitute for cannabis". It's nicknamed Maconha brava because locals use it as a cannabis substitute. |-

Caesalpinioideae subfamily of Fabacaeae

• Petalostylis cassioides: 0.4-0.5% tryptamine, DMT, etc. in leaves and stems^[73]
• Petalostylis labicheoides, Tryptamines in leaves and stems, MAO's up to 0.5%^[74]

Fumariaceae

| 150px Corydalis solida, Corydalis cava | Bulbocapnine, Nantenine, Tetrahydropalmatine

Lamiaceae

| 150px Lagochilus inebrians | Lagochilin is thought to be responsible for the sedative, hypotensive and hemostatic effects of this plant.

| 150px Leonotis leonurus |Both leaves and flowers (where most concentrated) contain Leonurine. (Effects reminiscent of marijuana)

| 150px Salvia divinorum | Salvinorin A, 0.89-3.87 mg/g, also Salvinorin B and Salvinorin C^[75] |-

Lauraceae

• Nectandra megapotamica, NMT^[74]

Lythraceae

• Heimia salicifolia, auditory^[76]

Magnoliaceae

150px Magnolia virginianaThe leaves or bark have been placed in cupped hands over the nose and inhaled as a mild hallucinogen

Malpighiaceae

• Banisteriopsis caapi: Ayahuasca
• Diplopterys cabrerana: DMT 0.17-1.74%, average of 0.47% DMT^[77]

Myristicaceae

• Horsfieldia superba: 5-MeO-DMT^[66] and beta-carbolines^[73]
• Iryanthera macrophylla: 5-MeO-DMT in bark^[66]
• Iryanthera ulei: 5-MeO-DMT in bark^[64]
• Osteophloem platyspermum: DMT, 5-MeO-DMT in bark^[64]

Virola genus

Nitrariaceae

Peganum harmala, (Syrian Rue), The seeds contain about 2-6% alkaloids, most of which is harmaline.^[81] Peganum harmala is also an abortifacient.

Nymphaeaceae

| 150px Nymphaea caerulea |Recent studies have shown Nymphaea caerulea to have psychedelic properties, and may have been used as a sacrament in ancient Egypt and certain ancient South American cultures. Dosages of 5 to 10 grams of the flowers induces slight stimulation, a shift in thought processes, enhanced visual perception, and mild closed-eye visuals. Nymphaea caerulea is related to, and possesses similar activity as Nelumbo nucifera, the Sacred Lotus. Both Nymphaea caerulea and Nelumbo nucifera contain the alkaloids nuciferine and apomorphine, which have been recently isolated by independent labs.Template:Citation needed

These psychoactive effects make Nymphaea caerulea a likely candidate (among several) for the lotus plant eaten by the mythical Lotophagi in Homer's Odyssey.

Used in aromatherapy, Nymphaea caerulea is purported to have a "divine" essence, bringing euphoria, heightened awareness and tranquility.Template:Citation needed

Other sources cite anti-spasmodic and sedative, purifying and calming properties.

|100px Aporphine

Ochnaceae

• Testulea gabonensis: 0.2% 5-MeO-DMT, small quantities of DMT,^[66] DMT in bark and root bark^[64], NMT

Ochnaceae

Genus Pandanus (Screw Pine): DMT in nuts^[66]

Papaveraceae

The most famous member of this family is the Opium poppy.

| 100px

| 100px Argemone mexicana | Used by Chinese residents of Mexico during the early 20th century as a legal substitute for opium and currently smoked as a marijuana substitute.

| 150px Glaucine

| 150px Glaucium flavum | Glaucine

Passifloraceae

Passiflora incarnata contains Harmine, Harmaline, Harman, etc. 0.03%.^[82]

Piperaceae

| 150px Kavalactones

| 150px Piper methysticum | Kavalactones

Poaceae (Gramineae)

Some Graminae (grass) species contain gramine, which can cause brain damage, other organ damage, central nervous system damage and death in sheep.^[83]

Species	Alkaloids (Dried)
File:Arundo.donax1web.jpgArundo donax	0.0057% DMT in dried rhizome, no stem, 0.026% bufotenine, 0.0023% 5-MeO-MMT[84]
Phalaris aquatica	0.0007-0.18% Total alkaloids,[85] 0.100% DMT,[86] 0.022% 5-MeO-DMT,[86] 0.005% 5-OH-DMT[86]
File:Rietgras bloeiwijze Phalaris arundinacea.jpgPhalaris arundinacea	0.0004-0.121% Total alkaloids[85]
Phalaris brachystachys	Aerial parts up to 3% total alkaloids, DMT presentTemplate:Citation needed
File:Phragmites australis Schilfrohr.jpgPhragmites australis	DMT in roots[64]

None of the above alkaloids are said to have been found in Phalaris californica, Phalaris canariensis, Phalaris minor and hybrids of P. arundinacea together with P. aquatica.^[85]

Polygonaceae

• Erigonum sp.: DMT^[64]

Punicaceae

• Punica granatum "DMT in root cortex;"^[74] The dried stem and root bark of the tree contain about 0.4-0.9% alkaloids.^[87]

Rubiaceae

Mitragyna speciosa also known as "Kratom" is a plant which leaf is used for it's opiod effect.150px

Species	Alkaloids (Dried)
Psychotria carthagenensis	0.2% average DMT in dried leaves[64]
Psychotria expansa	DMT[74]
Psychotria forsteriana	DMT[74]
Psychotria insularum	DMT[74]
250pxPsychotria poeppigiana [1]	DMT[74]
Psychotria rostrata	DMT[74]
Psychotria rufipilis	DMT[74]
File:Psychotria viridis.gifPsychotria viridis	DMT 0.1-0.61% dried mass.[88]

Rutaceae

Species	Alkaloids (Dried)
File:Dictyoloma incanescens.pngDictyoloma incanescens	5-MeO-DMT in leaves,[64][79] 0.04% 5-MeO-DMT in bark[66]
Dutaillyea drupacea	> 0.4 % 5-MeO-DMT in leaves[45][64]
Dutaillyea oreophila	5-MeO-DMT in leaves[64]
250pxTetradium ruticarpum(syn. Evodia rutaecarpa)	5-MeO-DMT in leaves,[64] fruit and roots
250pxLimonia acidissima	5-MeO-DMT in stems[64]
Euodia leptococca (formerly Melicope)	0.2% total alkaloids, 0.07% 5-MeO-DMT; 5-MeO-DMT in leaves and stems,[64] also "5-MeO-DMT-Oxide and a beta-carboline"[73]
Pilocarpus organensis	5-MeO-DMT in leaves[64]
Vepris ampody	Up to 0.2% DMT in leaves and branches[64][66]
Zanthoxylum arborescens	DMT in leaves[64]
Zanthoxylum procerum	DMT in leaves[64]

Turneraceae

| 150px Damianin

| 150px Turnera diffusa | Damianin

Urticaceae

• Urtica pilulifera: Bufotenin^[74]

See also

• Aztec entheogenic complex
• Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record
• List of Entheogens
• List of poisonous plants
• List of plants containing beta-carbolines
• List of plants used for smoking
• Louisiana State Act 159
• Psilocybin mushrooms
• Psychoactive animals

References

Template:Reflist

External links

• The Salvia Divinorum Blog Research And Information
• The Salvia Divinorum Mass Distribution Project
• Descriptions of psychoactive Cacti. Lycaeum Visionary Cactus Guide
• "Herbal Highs - Legal Buds Reviews" Components of street drug alternatives sold and used legally.
• Erowid Tryptamine FAQ -- More Plants Containing Tryptamines
• John Stephen Glasby, Dictionary of Plants Containing Secondary Metabolites, Published by CRC Press
• Golden Guide to Hallucinogenic Plants
• Hallucinogens on the Internet: A Vast New Source of Underground Drug Information John H. Halpern, M.D. and Harrison G. Pope, Jr., M.D.
• Peter L. Katavic, Chemical Investigations of the Alkaloids From the Plants Of The Family Elaeocarpaceae, School of Science/Natural Product Discovery (NPD), Faculty of Science, Griffith University
• Alexander T. Shulgin, Psychotomimetic Drugs: Structure-Activity Relationships
• UNODC The plant kingdom and hallucinogens (part II)
• UNODC The plant kingdom and hallucinogens (part III)
• Virola -- Dried Herbarium Specimens
• Virola Species Pictures -- USGS
• Desmanthus illinoensis -- USDA
• A General Introduction to Ayahuasca
• Psychedelic Reader (Google Books)

~Teo~

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