Difference between revisions of "Solvent physical properties"

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=Common Azeotropes=
  
 
{|
 
{|
−
|Boiling Point C||Solubility in water||Density||Molar mass||
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| align="center" valign="top" rowspan="2" | <big>'''Azeotropes of water, b.p.=100&nbsp;°C'''</big>
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{| class="wikitable"
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! 2nd Component !! b.p. of<br>comp. (˚C) !! b.p. of<br>mixture (˚C) !! % by<br>weight !! spef.<br>grav
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
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| colspan="5" align="center" | '''with various [[alcohol]]s'''
 
|-
 
|-
−
|}
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| [[ethanol]] || 78.4 || 78.1 || 95.5
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| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 0.804
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|- bgcolor="#CCFFFF"
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| [[methanol]]<ref name="br"/> || 64.7
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| colspan="3" align="center" | No azeotrope
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|-
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| [[Propan-1-ol|''n''-propanol]] || 97.2 || 87.7 || 71.7
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| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 0.866
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|-
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| [[Propan-2-ol|''iso''-propanol]] || 82.5 || 80.4 || 87.9
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| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 0.818
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|-
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| [[n-Butanol|''n''-butanol]] || 117.8 || 92.4 || 55.5<br>U 79.9<br>L 7.7
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| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | <br>U 0.849<br>L 0.990
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|-
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| [[2-Butanol|''sec''-butanol]] || 99.5 || 88.5 || 67.9
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| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 0.863
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|-
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| [[isobutanol|''iso''-butanol]] || 108.0 || 90.0 || 70.0<br>U 85.0<br>L 8.7
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| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | <br>U 0.839<br>L 0.988
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|- bgcolor="#FFCCFF"
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| [[Tert-Butanol|''tert''-butanol]] || 82.8 || 79.9 || 88.3 ||
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|-
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| [[allyl alcohol]] || 97.0 || 88.2 || 72.9
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| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 0.905
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|-
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| [[benzyl alcohol]] || 205.2 || 99.9 || 9 ||
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|- bgcolor="#FFCCFF"
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| [[furfuryl alcohol]] || 169.4 || 98.5 || 20 ||
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|- bgcolor="#CCFFFF"
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| [[cyclohexanol]]<ref name="metalfinishing"/> || 161.1 || 97.8 || 20 ||
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|- bgcolor="#CCFFFF"
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| [[benzyl alcohol]]<ref name="metalfinishing"/> || 205.4 || 99.9 || 9 ||
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|-
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| colspan="5" align="center" | '''with various [[organic acid]]s'''
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|-
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| [[formic acid]] || 100.8 || 107.3 || 77.5 ||
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|- bgcolor="#FFCCFF"
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| [[acetic acid]] <sup>‡</sup><ref name="br">{{Cite web
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| url = http://www.solvent--recycling.com/azeotrope_1.html
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| title = What is an Azeotrope?
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| accessdate = 24 March 2007
  
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| author =
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| last =
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| first =
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| authorlink =
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| coauthors =
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| date =
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| year =
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| month =
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| work =
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| publisher = B/R Corporation
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| pages =
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| language =
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| quote =
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| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070424141816/http://www.solvent--recycling.com/azeotrope_1.html| archivedate= 24 April 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name="hilmen">
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{{Cite web
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| url = http://www.chemeng.ntnu.no/thesis/download/2000/hilmen/Thesis_Hilmen.pdf
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| title = Separation of Azeotropic Mixtures: Tools for Analysis and Studies on Batch Distillation Operation
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| accessdate = 24 March 2007
  
−
{|
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| author = Eva-Katrine Hilmen
−
|Solvent||Boiling Point C||Solubility in water||Density||Molar mass||
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| last = Hilmen
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| first = Eva-Katrine
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| authorlink =
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| coauthors =
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| date =
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| year = 2000
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| month = November
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| format =
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| work =
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| publisher = Norwegian University of Science and Technology, dept. of Chemical Engineering
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| pages =
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| language =
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| archiveurl =
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| archivedate =
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| quote =
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}}</ref> || 118.1
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| colspan="3" align="center" | No azeotrope
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|-
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| [[propionic acid]] || 141.1 || 99.98 || 17.7
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| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 1.016
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|-
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| [[butyric acid]] || 163.5 || 99.94 || 18.4
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| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 1.007
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|- bgcolor="#FFCCFF"
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| [[isobutyric acid|''iso''-butyric acid]] || 154.5 || 99.3 || 21 ||
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|-
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| colspan="5" align="center" | '''with [[mineral acid]]s'''
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|-
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| [[nitric acid]] || 86.0 || 120.5 || 68
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| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 1.405
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|- bgcolor="#FFCCFF"
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| [[perchloric acid]] || 110.0 || 203 || 71.6 ||
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|-
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| [[hydrofluoric acid]] || 19.9 || 120 || 37 ||
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|-
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| [[hydrochloric acid]] || –84 || 110 || 20.24
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| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 1.102
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|-
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| [[hydrobromic acid]] || –73 || 126 || 47.5
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| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 1.481
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|-
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| [[hydroiodic acid]] || –34 || 127 || 57
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|- bgcolor="#FFCCFF"
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| [[sulfuric acid]] || 290 || 338 || 98 ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Acetone||Pie||more
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| colspan="5" align="center" | '''with various [[alkyl halide]]s'''
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|- bgcolor="#FFCCFF"
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| [[1,2-Dichloroethane|ethylene chloride]] || 83.7 || 72 || 91.8 ||
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|- bgcolor="#FFCCFF"
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| [[1,2-Dichloropropane|propylene chloride]] || 96.8 || 78 || 89.4 ||
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|- bgcolor="#FFFFCC"
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| [[chloroform]] || 61.2 || 53.3 || 97.0<br>U 0.8<br>L 99.8
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| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | <br>U 1.004<br>L 1.491
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|- bgcolor="#FFFFCC"
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| [[carbon tetrachloride]] || 76.8 || 66.8 || 95.9<br>U 0.03<br>L 99.97
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| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | <br>U 1.000<br>L 1.597
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|- bgcolor="#FFFFCC"
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| [[dichloromethane|methylene chloride]] || 40.0 || 38.8 || 99.6<br>U 2.0<br>99.9
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| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | <br>U 1.009<br>L 1.328
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Benzene||Ice||and
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| colspan="5" align="center" | '''with various [[ester]]s'''
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Carbon Tetrachloride||
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| [[ethyl acetate]] || 77.1 || 70.4 || 91.9<br>U 96.7<br>L 8.7
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| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | <br>U 0.907<br>L 0.999
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|- bgcolor="#FFFFCC"
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| [[methyl acetate]] || 57.0 || 56.1 || 95.0 || 0.940
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|- bgcolor="CCFFFF"
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| [[n-propyl acetate]]<ref name="metalfinishing">{{Cite web
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| url = http://www.metalfinishing.com/_virtual/article-downloads/Table%201_a2648.pdf
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| title = Binary Organic Azeotropes Useful for Solvent Cleaning
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| accessdate = 13 February 2011
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| author = John Durkee
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| last =
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| first =
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| authorlink =
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| coauthors =
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| date =
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| year = 2000
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| month = November
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| format =
 +
| work =
 +
| publisher = metalfinishing.com
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| pages =
 +
| language =
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| archiveurl =
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| archivedate =
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| quote =
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}} </ref> || 101.6 || 82.4 || 86 ||
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|- bgcolor="FFCCFF"
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| [[ethyl nitrate]] || 87.7 || 74.4 || 78 ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Isopropanol
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| colspan="5" align="center" | '''with various other [[solvent]]s'''
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|- bgcolor="#CCFFFF"
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| [[acetone]] <sup>‡</sup><ref name="br"/><ref name="hilmen"/> || 56.5&nbsp;°C
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| colspan="3" align="center" | No azeotrope
 
|-
 
|-
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|
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| [[methyl ethyl ketone]] || 79.6 || 73.5 || 89
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| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 0.834
 
|-
 
|-
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|
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| [[pyridine]] || 115.5 || 92.6 || 57
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| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 1.010
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
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| [[benzene]] || 80.2 || 69.3 || 91.1<br>U 99.94<br>L 0.07
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| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | <br>U 0.880<br>L 0.999
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
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| [[toluene]] || 110.8 || 84.1 || 79.8<br>U 99.95<br>L 0.06
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| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | <br>U 0.868<br>L 1.000
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|- bgcolor="#FFFFCC"
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| [[cyclohexane]] || 80.7 || 69.8 || 91.5<br>U 99.99<br>L 0.01||<br>U 0.780<br>L 1.00
 
|-
 
|-
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| [[diethyl ether]] || 34.5 || 34.2 || 98.7
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| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 0.720
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|- bgcolor="#CCFFFF"
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| [[tetrahydrofuran]]<ref name="br"/> || 66 || 65 || 95 ||
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|- bgcolor="#FFCCFF"
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| [[anisole]] || 153.9 || 95.5 || 59.5 ||
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|- bgcolor="#FFFFCC"
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| [[acetonitrile]] || 82.0 || 76.5 || 83.7
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| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 0.818
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|- bgcolor="#FFFFCC"
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| [[chloral]] || 97.75 || 95.0 || 93.0 ||
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|- bgcolor="#CCFFFF"
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| [[hydrazine]]<ref name="merck4653">''Merck Index of Chemicals and Drugs, 9th ed.'' monograph 4653</ref> || 113.5&nbsp;°C || 120.3&nbsp;°C || 68.5 ||
 
|}
 
|}

Revision as of 06:10, 13 December 2012

page in progress....


Solvents

Solvent Boiling Point °C Solubility /w Water Density Molar mass
Acetone 56 °C Miscible 0.786 g/ml 58.08 g/mol


Note about Density: If the density of the solvent is greater then one (mass > 1.00) the solvent, if non-polar will sink below water. likewise if the density is less then one (mass < 1.00) the solvent, if non-polar, will float on the surface of the water


Polar protic

Water

Solvent Boiling Point °C Solubility /w Water Density Molar mass
Water 100 °C Miscible 1.000 g/ml 18.02 g/mol

Carboxylic acids

Formic acid

Solvent Boiling Point °C Solubility /w Water Density Molar mass
Formic acid 100.8 °C Miscible 1.22 g/ml 46.03 g/mol

Acetic acid

Solvent Boiling Point °C Solubility /w Water Density Molar mass
Acetic acid 118 °C Miscible 1.049 g/ml 60.05 g/mol

Alcohols

Ethanol

Methanol

Propanol

Isopropanol

Glycerol

Propylene Glycol

Polar aprotic

Ketones

Short chain ketones are miscible in ALL organic solvents


Acetone

Acetone.png

Formula Boiling Point °C Solubility /w Water Density Molar mass
C3H6O 56 °C Miscible 0.786 g/ml 58.08 g/mol

Miscible in:

All organic solvents

- Does not from an Azeotrope with water

Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)

MEK.png

Formula Boiling Point °C Solubility /w Water Density Molar mass
C4H8O 80 °C Miscible 275. g/L 0.805 g/ml 72.11 g/mol

Miscible in:

All organic solvents

Cyclohexanone

Cyclohexanone.png

Formula Boiling Point °C Solubility /w Water Density Molar mass
C6H10O 155.65 °C Miscible 90 g/L 0.9478 g/ml 98.15 g/mol

Miscible in:

All organic solvents

Esters

Ethyl acetate

Ethers

Tetrahydrofuran

Others

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)

Acetonitrile

Dimethylformamide

Non-polar

Aliphatic

Butane

Pentane

Hexane

Heptane

Octane

Cyclic

Cyclohexane

Cyclopentane

Aromatic

Benzene

Toluene

Xylene

Ethers

Diethyl ether

Chlorinated hydrocarbons (only slighlty polar)

Chloroform

Carbon Tetrachloride

Dichloromethane (DCM)

Other

d-limonene

Common Azeotropes

Azeotropes of water, b.p.=100 °C
2nd Component b.p. of
comp. (˚C) 		b.p. of
mixture (˚C) 		 % by
weight 		spef.
grav
with various alcohols
ethanol 78.4 78.1 95.5 0.804
methanol[1] 64.7 No azeotrope
n-propanol 97.2 87.7 71.7 0.866
iso-propanol 82.5 80.4 87.9 0.818
n-butanol 117.8 92.4 55.5
U 79.9
L 7.7
U 0.849
L 0.990
sec-butanol 99.5 88.5 67.9 0.863
iso-butanol 108.0 90.0 70.0
U 85.0
L 8.7
U 0.839
L 0.988
tert-butanol 82.8 79.9 88.3
allyl alcohol 97.0 88.2 72.9 0.905
benzyl alcohol 205.2 99.9 9
furfuryl alcohol 169.4 98.5 20
cyclohexanol[2] 161.1 97.8 20
benzyl alcohol[2] 205.4 99.9 9
with various organic acids
formic acid 100.8 107.3 77.5
acetic acid ‡[1][3] 118.1 No azeotrope
propionic acid 141.1 99.98 17.7 1.016
butyric acid 163.5 99.94 18.4 1.007
iso-butyric acid 154.5 99.3 21
with mineral acids
nitric acid 86.0 120.5 68 1.405
perchloric acid 110.0 203 71.6
hydrofluoric acid 19.9 120 37
hydrochloric acid –84 110 20.24 1.102
hydrobromic acid –73 126 47.5 1.481
hydroiodic acid –34 127 57
sulfuric acid 290 338 98
with various alkyl halides
ethylene chloride 83.7 72 91.8
propylene chloride 96.8 78 89.4
chloroform 61.2 53.3 97.0
U 0.8
L 99.8
U 1.004
L 1.491
carbon tetrachloride 76.8 66.8 95.9
U 0.03
L 99.97
U 1.000
L 1.597
methylene chloride 40.0 38.8 99.6
U 2.0
99.9
U 1.009
L 1.328
with various esters
ethyl acetate 77.1 70.4 91.9
U 96.7
L 8.7
U 0.907
L 0.999
methyl acetate 57.0 56.1 95.0 0.940
n-propyl acetate[2] 101.6 82.4 86
ethyl nitrate 87.7 74.4 78
with various other solvents
acetone ‡[1][3] 56.5 °C No azeotrope
methyl ethyl ketone 79.6 73.5 89 0.834
pyridine 115.5 92.6 57 1.010
benzene 80.2 69.3 91.1
U 99.94
L 0.07
U 0.880
L 0.999
toluene 110.8 84.1 79.8
U 99.95
L 0.06
U 0.868
L 1.000
cyclohexane 80.7 69.8 91.5
U 99.99
L 0.01
U 0.780
L 1.00
diethyl ether 34.5 34.2 98.7 0.720
tetrahydrofuran[1] 66 65 95
anisole 153.9 95.5 59.5
acetonitrile 82.0 76.5 83.7 0.818
chloral 97.75 95.0 93.0
hydrazine[4] 113.5 °C 120.3 °C 68.5


Cite error: <ref> tags exist, but no <references/> tag was found

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