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Revision as of 06:01, 14 December 2012

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Solvents

Solvent	Boiling Point °C	Solubility /w Water	Density	Molar mass
Acetone	56 °C	Miscible	0.786 g/ml	58.08 g/mol

Note about Density: If the density of the solvent is greater then one (mass > 1.00) the solvent, if non-polar will sink below water. likewise if the density is less then one (mass < 1.00) the solvent, if non-polar, will float on the surface of the water

Polar protic

Water

Solvent	Boiling Point °C	Solubility /w Water	Density	Molar mass
Water	100 °C	Miscible	1.000 g/ml	18.02 g/mol

Carboxylic acids

Formic acid

Solvent	Boiling Point °C	Solubility /w Water	Density	Molar mass
Formic acid	100.8 °C	Miscible	1.22 g/ml	46.03 g/mol

Acetic acid

Solvent	Boiling Point °C	Solubility /w Water	Density	Molar mass
Acetic acid	118 °C	Miscible	1.049 g/ml	60.05 g/mol

Alcohols

Ethanol

Solvent	Boiling Point °C	Solubility /w Water	Density	Molar mass
C2H5OH	79 °C	Miscible	0.789 g/ml	46.07 g/mol

Azeotrope % weight /w water = 95.5%

Miscible in:

Methanol

Solvent	Boiling Point °C	Solubility /w Water	Density	Molar mass
C2H5OH	65 °C	Miscible	0.791 g/ml	32.04 g/mol

No azeotrope w/ water

Miscible in:

Propanol

Solvent	Boiling Point °C	Solubility /w Water	Density	Molar mass
C2H5OH	97 °C	Miscible	0.803 g/ml	60.1 g/mol

Azeotrope % weight /w water = 71.7%

Miscible in:

Isopropanol

Glycerol

Propylene Glycol

Polar aprotic

Ketones

Short chain ketones are miscible in ALL organic solvents

Acetone

Formula	Boiling Point °C	Solubility /w Water	Density	Molar mass
C3H6O	56 °C	Miscible	0.786 g/ml	58.08 g/mol

Miscible in:

All organic solvents

- Does not from an Azeotrope with water

Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)

Formula	Boiling Point °C	Solubility /w Water	Density	Molar mass
C4H8O	80 °C	Miscible 275. g/L	0.805 g/ml	72.11 g/mol

Miscible in:

All organic solvents

Cyclohexanone

Formula	Boiling Point °C	Solubility /w Water	Density	Molar mass
C6H10O	155.65 °C	Miscible 90 g/L	0.9478 g/ml	98.15 g/mol

Miscible in:

All organic solvents

Esters

Ethyl acetate

Ethers

Tetrahydrofuran

Others

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)

Acetonitrile

Dimethylformamide

Non-polar

Aliphatic

Butane

Pentane

Hexane

Heptane

Octane

Cyclic

Cyclohexane

Cyclopentane

Aromatic

Benzene

Toluene

Xylene

Ethers

Diethyl ether

Chlorinated hydrocarbons (only slighlty polar)

Chloroform

Carbon Tetrachloride

Dichloromethane (DCM)

Other

d-limonene

Common Azeotropes

(taken from wikipedia)

Azeotropes of water, b.p.=100 °C 2nd Component b.p. of comp. (˚C) b.p. of mixture (˚C)  % by weight spef. grav with various alcohols ethanol 78.4 78.1 95.5 0.804 methanol[1] 64.7 No azeotrope n-propanol 97.2 87.7 71.7 0.866 iso-propanol 82.5 80.4 87.9 0.818 n-butanol 117.8 92.4 55.5 U 79.9 L 7.7 U 0.849 L 0.990 sec-butanol 99.5 88.5 67.9 0.863 iso-butanol 108.0 90.0 70.0 U 85.0 L 8.7 U 0.839 L 0.988 tert-butanol 82.8 79.9 88.3 allyl alcohol 97.0 88.2 72.9 0.905 benzyl alcohol 205.2 99.9 9 furfuryl alcohol 169.4 98.5 20 cyclohexanol[2] 161.1 97.8 20 benzyl alcohol[2] 205.4 99.9 9 with various organic acids formic acid 100.8 107.3 77.5 acetic acid ‡[1][3] 118.1 No azeotrope propionic acid 141.1 99.98 17.7 1.016 butyric acid 163.5 99.94 18.4 1.007 iso-butyric acid 154.5 99.3 21 with mineral acids nitric acid 86.0 120.5 68 1.405 perchloric acid 110.0 203 71.6 hydrofluoric acid 19.9 120 37 hydrochloric acid –84 110 20.24 1.102 hydrobromic acid –73 126 47.5 1.481 hydroiodic acid –34 127 57 sulfuric acid 290 338 98 with various alkyl halides ethylene chloride 83.7 72 91.8 propylene chloride 96.8 78 89.4 chloroform 61.2 53.3 97.0 U 0.8 L 99.8 U 1.004 L 1.491 carbon tetrachloride 76.8 66.8 95.9 U 0.03 L 99.97 U 1.000 L 1.597 methylene chloride 40.0 38.8 99.6 U 2.0 99.9 U 1.009 L 1.328 with various esters ethyl acetate 77.1 70.4 91.9 U 96.7 L 8.7 U 0.907 L 0.999 methyl acetate 57.0 56.1 95.0 0.940 n-propyl acetate[2] 101.6 82.4 86 ethyl nitrate 87.7 74.4 78 with various other solvents acetone ‡[1][3] 56.5 °C No azeotrope methyl ethyl ketone 79.6 73.5 89 0.834 pyridine 115.5 92.6 57 1.010 benzene 80.2 69.3 91.1 U 99.94 L 0.07 U 0.880 L 0.999 toluene 110.8 84.1 79.8 U 99.95 L 0.06 U 0.868 L 1.000 cyclohexane 80.7 69.8 91.5 U 99.99 L 0.01 U 0.780 L 1.00 diethyl ether 34.5 34.2 98.7 0.720 tetrahydrofuran[1] 66 65 95 anisole 153.9 95.5 59.5 acetonitrile 82.0 76.5 83.7 0.818 chloral 97.75 95.0 93.0 hydrazine[4] 113.5 °C 120.3 °C 68.5

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