Kava - Revision history

D.REYx420: /* Liver Toxicity */

2013-02-05T01:32:28Z

‎Liver Toxicity

D.REYx420: /* Liver Toxicity */

2013-02-05T01:31:38Z

‎Liver Toxicity

D.REYx420 at 01:26, 5 February 2013

2013-02-05T01:26:42Z

D.REYx420: /* Traditional medicinal uses by region */

2013-02-05T01:25:22Z

‎Traditional medicinal uses by region

D.REYx420: /* Traditional medicinal uses by region */

2013-02-05T01:21:03Z

‎Traditional medicinal uses by region

D.REYx420: /* Traditional medicinal uses by region */

2013-02-05T00:43:08Z

‎Traditional medicinal uses by region

D.REYx420: /* Traditional medicinal uses by region */

2013-02-05T00:24:57Z

‎Traditional medicinal uses by region

D.REYx420: /* Traditional medicinal uses by region */

2013-02-04T23:11:43Z

‎Traditional medicinal uses by region

D.REYx420: /* Traditional medicinal uses by region */

2013-02-04T22:44:00Z

‎Traditional medicinal uses by region

D.REYx420: /* Traditional medicinal uses by region */

2013-02-04T21:50:36Z

‎Traditional medicinal uses by region

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 In April 2003, University of Hawaii scientists were reported to have discovered traditionally discarded stem peelings and leaves of kava contain a toxic alkaloid not present in the plant's roots. European pharmaceutical companies are known to have purchased such peelings when demand for kava extract soared in 2000-2001.
-Two studies still allege changes in liver function, with the first describing the effects as temporary and reversible when discontinuing kava use.[42] There is evidence of health concerns among heavy alcohol drinkers, including poor nutrition and a rise in liver enzymes typically associated with liver damage.
+Two studies still allege changes in liver function, with the first describing the effects as temporary and reversible when discontinuing kava use. There is evidence of health concerns among heavy alcohol drinkers, including poor nutrition and a rise in liver enzymes typically associated with liver damage.
 Another study published in the journal Phytochemistry in 2003 indicated traditional aqueous preparations of kava also extract glutathione, which alcoholic extracts lack when made with high concentrations of alcohol. The authors discovered the glutathione in traditional preparations interacts with the kavalactones and prevents cell death. They claim that in all standardized extracts that contributed to liver damage, there were only the kavalactones without any glutathione.

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:31, 5 February 2013
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	==Liver Toxicity==		==Liver Toxicity==
		+
		+	In April 2003, University of Hawaii scientists were reported to have discovered traditionally discarded stem peelings and leaves of kava contain a toxic alkaloid not present in the plant's roots. European pharmaceutical companies are known to have purchased such peelings when demand for kava extract soared in 2000-2001.
		+
		+	Two studies still allege changes in liver function, with the first describing the effects as temporary and reversible when discontinuing kava use.[42] There is evidence of health concerns among heavy alcohol drinkers, including poor nutrition and a rise in liver enzymes typically associated with liver damage.
		+
		+	Another study published in the journal Phytochemistry in 2003 indicated traditional aqueous preparations of kava also extract glutathione, which alcoholic extracts lack when made with high concentrations of alcohol. The authors discovered the glutathione in traditional preparations interacts with the kavalactones and prevents cell death. They claim that in all standardized extracts that contributed to liver damage, there were only the kavalactones without any glutathione.

	= Kava in traditional pharmacopoeia and medicine =		= Kava in traditional pharmacopoeia and medicine =

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:26, 5 February 2013
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	Islanders here states that kava drinking is generally beneficial to their health. They also use it as a prophylactic against gonorrhea, and one report states that they formerly employed kava as a abortifacient.		Islanders here states that kava drinking is generally beneficial to their health. They also use it as a prophylactic against gonorrhea, and one report states that they formerly employed kava as a abortifacient.
		+
		+	= Ethnobotanical heritage=

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:25, 5 February 2013
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	In Samoa, for an injury caused by a fish spine, a dried kava root is burned. A dry coconut shell is placed over over the embers, allowing the smoke to escape through the opened "eyes" of the shell, and the injury is exposed to the smoke.		In Samoa, for an injury caused by a fish spine, a dried kava root is burned. A dry coconut shell is placed over over the embers, allowing the smoke to escape through the opened "eyes" of the shell, and the injury is exposed to the smoke.
		+
		+	Pohnpei
		+
		+	Islanders here states that kava drinking is generally beneficial to their health. They also use it as a prophylactic against gonorrhea, and one report states that they formerly employed kava as a abortifacient.

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:21, 5 February 2013
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	In the early part this century, Rougier recorded several medicinal uses of kava in Fiji. For example, a sickness characterized by a pain inside the head and both ears associated with "blurred vision" that "sometimes disappears at high tide, and in other cases sunset," was treated various remedies, one of which contained leaves of Ipomea peltata and kava. Rougier also reported that "the best sedative drug is a draught prepared by scraping and pounding the kava root," and that "there were various means of contraception, one of which was masticating and swallowing kava leaves."		In the early part this century, Rougier recorded several medicinal uses of kava in Fiji. For example, a sickness characterized by a pain inside the head and both ears associated with "blurred vision" that "sometimes disappears at high tide, and in other cases sunset," was treated various remedies, one of which contained leaves of Ipomea peltata and kava. Rougier also reported that "the best sedative drug is a draught prepared by scraping and pounding the kava root," and that "there were various means of contraception, one of which was masticating and swallowing kava leaves."
		+
		+	According to Degener Fijians also soften kava leaves in a fire and apply these as a poultice against suppurations. Hocart noted the use of kava in a treatment for "convalesence." H.B. Parham reported that kava is considered to be a powerful diaphoretic. Fijian women regard it as a fortifying drink, laxative, and diuretic. In pregnancy, small quantities of kava is said to facilitate delivery. In Fiji as in parts of New Guinea, doses of kava are thought to favor the production of milk. The absorption of a several cups of kava reportedly helps clear up the initial stages of diarrhea.
		+
		+	Polynesia
		+
		+	In Tahiti, a drink made from masticated kava rootstock was believed to be an effective remedy for gonorrhea. In the Cook Islands, kava is still consumed tho treat urinary tract problems (mimi), probably because of its diuretic action. In American Samoa, kava is also used against gonorrhea. The medicinal potion includes 4 small kava roots ground together with 12 chili peppers (Capsicum annuum), 24 leaves of a native tree (Colubrina asiatica), and the pith of the sweet orange trees (Citrus sinensis). The extracted juice is administered orally.
		+
		+	Another kava remedy is used in American Samoa to cure urinary infection, supposedly caused by the spirit of a dead person, the symptoms of which are distended bladder, a small emission of urine, and painful micturition (the illness probably results from a gonococcus infection, whose origin is generally tributes to the spirits of the dead). Therapy for this malady involves scraping the internal bark of a kava stalk, extracting the juice, mixing it with the juice of a dried Pandanus species root, and adding water to make a concoction that the patient drinks.
		+
		+	Kava is also utilized in the relief of a medical syndrome comprised of ocular pains, difficulty in opening the eyes, and a feeling of having a swollen head, accompanied by a cold sweat, dizziness, and moving of the legs. 8 kava leaves are ground, placed in a piece of clean cloth, and strained into a glass of water. The mixture is then imbibed by the sick person.
		+
		+	In Samoa, for an injury caused by a fish spine, a dried kava root is burned. A dry coconut shell is placed over over the embers, allowing the smoke to escape through the opened "eyes" of the shell, and the injury is exposed to the smoke.

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:43, 5 February 2013
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	On Erromango,a complex preparation containing kava is reputed to act against not asthma and tuberculosis. The ingredients of the asthma remedy include leaves of Compositae (Crassocephalum crepidioides), locally referred to as sarndoo; a Papilionaceae (Arbus precatorius) called tamsi; 2 cultivars of Musceae (Heliconia indica, var. Indica), mevong and mevong netukus; and kava, called naghave (or nagave according to Lynch). These leaves are pressed and the juice extracted and drink. The sick person is restricted a salt free diet (no sea water) throughout coarse of treatment. This medicine is not administered to pregnant or menstruating women. On Tanna, however, juiceextracted from the leaves of kava and a Cyperaceae species (Fimbristylis cymosa) is given to pregnant women who are approaching their delivery date, "when the baby has to turn round," to be sure it presents itself favorably for birth.		On Erromango,a complex preparation containing kava is reputed to act against not asthma and tuberculosis. The ingredients of the asthma remedy include leaves of Compositae (Crassocephalum crepidioides), locally referred to as sarndoo; a Papilionaceae (Arbus precatorius) called tamsi; 2 cultivars of Musceae (Heliconia indica, var. Indica), mevong and mevong netukus; and kava, called naghave (or nagave according to Lynch). These leaves are pressed and the juice extracted and drink. The sick person is restricted a salt free diet (no sea water) throughout coarse of treatment. This medicine is not administered to pregnant or menstruating women. On Tanna, however, juiceextracted from the leaves of kava and a Cyperaceae species (Fimbristylis cymosa) is given to pregnant women who are approaching their delivery date, "when the baby has to turn round," to be sure it presents itself favorably for birth.

−	There are Erromango tales of kava syndrome called naghave, attributed to sorcery performed with various leaves.	+	There are Erromango tales of kava syndrome called naghave, attributed to sorcery performed with various leaves. The symptoms of the illness are blurred vision and dizziness those of an overdose of kava (these symptoms simply be from jaundice).
		+
		+	Fiji
		+
		+	In the early part this century, Rougier recorded several medicinal uses of kava in Fiji. For example, a sickness characterized by a pain inside the head and both ears associated with "blurred vision" that "sometimes disappears at high tide, and in other cases sunset," was treated various remedies, one of which contained leaves of Ipomea peltata and kava. Rougier also reported that "the best sedative drug is a draught prepared by scraping and pounding the kava root," and that "there were various means of contraception, one of which was masticating and swallowing kava leaves."

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:24, 5 February 2013
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	On Tongoa, to treat general indisposition and lack of energy, juice is extracted from ground kava leaves, mixed in cold water, and applied by massage of the body.		On Tongoa, to treat general indisposition and lack of energy, juice is extracted from ground kava leaves, mixed in cold water, and applied by massage of the body.

−	On Erromango,a complex preparation containing kava is reputed to act against not asthma and tuberculosis.	+	On Erromango,a complex preparation containing kava is reputed to act against not asthma and tuberculosis. The ingredients of the asthma remedy include leaves of Compositae (Crassocephalum crepidioides), locally referred to as sarndoo; a Papilionaceae (Arbus precatorius) called tamsi; 2 cultivars of Musceae (Heliconia indica, var. Indica), mevong and mevong netukus; and kava, called naghave (or nagave according to Lynch). These leaves are pressed and the juice extracted and drink. The sick person is restricted a salt free diet (no sea water) throughout coarse of treatment. This medicine is not administered to pregnant or menstruating women. On Tanna, however, juiceextracted from the leaves of kava and a Cyperaceae species (Fimbristylis cymosa) is given to pregnant women who are approaching their delivery date, "when the baby has to turn round," to be sure it presents itself favorably for birth.
		+
		+	There are Erromango tales of kava syndrome called naghave, attributed to sorcery performed with various leaves.

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:11, 4 February 2013
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	Today on Mota Lava, in the Banks Islands of Vanuatu, Kava is used in a drink tho treat constipation. It is also used to treat conjunctivitis: the eyes are washed with water mixed with juice squeezed from the leaves.		Today on Mota Lava, in the Banks Islands of Vanuatu, Kava is used in a drink tho treat constipation. It is also used to treat conjunctivitis: the eyes are washed with water mixed with juice squeezed from the leaves.
	In Melsisi, on Pentecost, juice expressed from kava leaves is dropped into ears to treat ear ache.A. Walter noted a similar use of kava in Vansemakul, another apma - speaking village in the same area. Also on Pentecost, a plaster made from heated and pounded kava leaves is applied to the abdomen to relieve an upset stomach. For feverish coughing, a handful of bark is ground up in a small amount of water, which the patient drinks in small doses. To relieve sickness characterized by fever followed by asthenia, sufferers drink half a glass of juice extracted from the kava leaves. To burst a boil, people grind kava leaves and heat them over the fire. The warm leaves are then pressed, and the juice obtained is applied to the boil, which is also covered with pulverized kava leaves and held in place with another leaf. For headaches, hot leaves are placed on the head. A sickness known in the Apma region bears a generic name of kava (sini); symptoms include swollen legs followed by fever. Sini is treated by bathing with a maceration of 4 leaves from the sini bo cultivar ground in a bowl of water. A poultice made from four sini bo leaves heated in the fire is also applied to swollen legs associated with a similar illness.		In Melsisi, on Pentecost, juice expressed from kava leaves is dropped into ears to treat ear ache.A. Walter noted a similar use of kava in Vansemakul, another apma - speaking village in the same area. Also on Pentecost, a plaster made from heated and pounded kava leaves is applied to the abdomen to relieve an upset stomach. For feverish coughing, a handful of bark is ground up in a small amount of water, which the patient drinks in small doses. To relieve sickness characterized by fever followed by asthenia, sufferers drink half a glass of juice extracted from the kava leaves. To burst a boil, people grind kava leaves and heat them over the fire. The warm leaves are then pressed, and the juice obtained is applied to the boil, which is also covered with pulverized kava leaves and held in place with another leaf. For headaches, hot leaves are placed on the head. A sickness known in the Apma region bears a generic name of kava (sini); symptoms include swollen legs followed by fever. Sini is treated by bathing with a maceration of 4 leaves from the sini bo cultivar ground in a bowl of water. A poultice made from four sini bo leaves heated in the fire is also applied to swollen legs associated with a similar illness.
		+
		+	On Tongoa, to treat general indisposition and lack of energy, juice is extracted from ground kava leaves, mixed in cold water, and applied by massage of the body.
		+
		+	On Erromango,a complex preparation containing kava is reputed to act against not asthma and tuberculosis.

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:44, 4 February 2013
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	The soporific properties of kava have been known in Vanuatu for many generations. Garanger provides some remarkable evidence of this. Archeological excavation of the burial site of Roy Mata, a chief who reigned over the Shephard Islands and Efate in the 13th century, uncovered male skeletons in positions suggesting they had been buried alive in a peaceful state of mind, whereas the position of associated female skeletons suggests they put up a struggle. According to oral tradition, the men interred alive were under the influence of kava but their wives were not allowed the soporific portion.		The soporific properties of kava have been known in Vanuatu for many generations. Garanger provides some remarkable evidence of this. Archeological excavation of the burial site of Roy Mata, a chief who reigned over the Shephard Islands and Efate in the 13th century, uncovered male skeletons in positions suggesting they had been buried alive in a peaceful state of mind, whereas the position of associated female skeletons suggests they put up a struggle. According to oral tradition, the men interred alive were under the influence of kava but their wives were not allowed the soporific portion.
		+
		+	Today on Mota Lava, in the Banks Islands of Vanuatu, Kava is used in a drink tho treat constipation. It is also used to treat conjunctivitis: the eyes are washed with water mixed with juice squeezed from the leaves.
		+	In Melsisi, on Pentecost, juice expressed from kava leaves is dropped into ears to treat ear ache.A. Walter noted a similar use of kava in Vansemakul, another apma - speaking village in the same area. Also on Pentecost, a plaster made from heated and pounded kava leaves is applied to the abdomen to relieve an upset stomach. For feverish coughing, a handful of bark is ground up in a small amount of water, which the patient drinks in small doses. To relieve sickness characterized by fever followed by asthenia, sufferers drink half a glass of juice extracted from the kava leaves. To burst a boil, people grind kava leaves and heat them over the fire. The warm leaves are then pressed, and the juice obtained is applied to the boil, which is also covered with pulverized kava leaves and held in place with another leaf. For headaches, hot leaves are placed on the head. A sickness known in the Apma region bears a generic name of kava (sini); symptoms include swollen legs followed by fever. Sini is treated by bathing with a maceration of 4 leaves from the sini bo cultivar ground in a bowl of water. A poultice made from four sini bo leaves heated in the fire is also applied to swollen legs associated with a similar illness.

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:50, 4 February 2013
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	== Traditional medicinal uses by region==		== Traditional medicinal uses by region==
		+
		+	New Guinea
		+
		+	In Irian Jaya, the internal part of P. Methysticin bark is used for toothache. In Papa New Guinea, scrapped bark and masticated roots are used to relieve sore throats, and the juice from the leaves is used to treat cuts and is imbibed as a general tonic. Women drink fresh masticated as an anesthetic when they are being tattooed. Women in some areas of this country also reportedly drink large quantities when they are pregnant, especially just before delivery, to stimulate milk production.
		+
		+	Vanuatu
		+
		+	The soporific properties of kava have been known in Vanuatu for many generations. Garanger provides some remarkable evidence of this. Archeological excavation of the burial site of Roy Mata, a chief who reigned over the Shephard Islands and Efate in the 13th century, uncovered male skeletons in positions suggesting they had been buried alive in a peaceful state of mind, whereas the position of associated female skeletons suggests they put up a struggle. According to oral tradition, the men interred alive were under the influence of kava but their wives were not allowed the soporific portion.